Iaas vs paas vs serverless. IaaS — a client gets only infrastructure, PaaS — a client gets infrastructure and software for application development, в SaaS — a client gets a ready-to-use application in the cloud. Iaas vs paas vs serverless

 
IaaS — a client gets only infrastructure, PaaS — a client gets infrastructure and software for application development, в SaaS — a client gets a ready-to-use application in the cloudIaas vs paas vs serverless  一般而言,工程師可以簡單分成開發(Development)跟維運(Operation)兩類。

PaaS. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are unique cloud computing offering categories with their own use cases, Potter said. A good way to think about IaaS is as the foundation for creating a cloud-based service, such as software or an e-commerce website. Serverless computing is a method of providing backend services on an as-used basis. Uses. As the word “infrastructure” in its name suggests, Azure IaaS comprises the servers and storage, networking firewalls and security, and the actual physical data centers on which your applications run. Install dependencies plus other required software. SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, DaaS, and Serverless all require data to be moved from the source to a central database for processing and analysis. The remainder, including database software, is provided and managed by the customer. A company that gets backend services from a serverless vendor is charged based on their computation and do not have to reserve and pay. IaaS is one of the three main categories of cloud services, alongside Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS). Serverless cloud computing takes data storage out of the equation, e. Learn about Serverless vs PaaS and compare them. The PaaS provider hosts. PaaS stands for Platform as a Service. FAQs: IaaS vs. The most obvious difference is that serverless computing is completely event-driven. We already know a lot about three main models (SaaS, Paas, and IaaS), but there are some more, least known, but nevertheless being used for different purposes. Both Oracle and AWS provide a good set of tools for building applications on top of their database, PaaS and SaaS offerings. SaaS vs. Like PaaS, FaaS is a cloud computing model that abstracts server management and low-level infrastructure decisions away from developers, but it goes much. ; Allows using a combination of these types of infrastructure. Uses. IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are essentially the three main pillars of cloud computing. IaaS. Will serverless computing beget NoOps? Containers, microservices evolve PaaS offerings. ; E. Cloud Deployment: IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS. Microsoft Azure: You must have gone through a Microsoft IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS term. Compared to PaaS, SaaS, and IaaS, SaaS adaptation forecast saw the largest growth, then IaaS and then PaaS. For example, legacy systems typically rely on VMs, while greenfield cloud applications are often built on containers and serverless computing infrastructure. Serverless computing allows you to build individual functions easily without having to program a full app, while PaaS gives you more overall control. In the cloud service models of IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, responsibility for infrastructure and software differs between the cloud provider and the customer. PaaS, therefore, has less control on your end but gives you more flexibility than IaaS. The end result is fewer coding responsibilities for. 0 while give you more idea on it. It permits designers to execute code in light of occasions without overseeing servers or frameworks. By working with an IaaS offering, like Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Google Compute Engine, developers and application management personnel will have access to an integrated set of tools and other resources that will help with development. SaaS is the software platform available through a third party via the internet. The pay-as-you-go model is quickly becoming the definition of "serverless" since it abstracts away the last indication of servers from the developer. 2 You outsource the following services to a PaaS. ) Let’s consider a simple web application deployment. PaaS vs. Who Manages What: A Look at SaaS, PaaS, Faas, IaaS and FaaS. Think about them in terms of out-of-the-box functionality and building from the bottom up. aPaaS is characterized by rapid application development and low code tools. As more and more companies move their legacy applications and/or infrastructures in the cloud, doing so via adopting the PaaS model has proven to be the most optimal solution. On-Premises (on-prem) In traditional On-Premises cloud deployment, you build and operate data centers in multiple geographies. PaaS, or Platform as a Service, is a cloud computing approach that offers a cloud-based space for creating, overseeing, and running applications. PaaS vs. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Few are sometimes referred up as cloud service models or cloud computing service models. And the fact that people are appreciating and accepting serverless as a platform proves that this is the future. Yet while PaaS and IaaS are skewed toward development teams. Trying to fit the new architectures into the 2011 SaaS-PaaS-IaaS framework, is like fitting a square peg in a round hole! New Service Models. These three groups comprise the proverbial cloud computing stack. PaaS vs. PaaS. Requires you to code the integrations yourself; API management . Cloud Servers are virtual servers that run on Cloud Computing platforms via the Internet in a separate environment. From a technical perspective, the difference between PaaS and SaaS comes down to whether the cloud-computing solution is used as an out-of-the-box tool or as part of a suite of customizable software. When it comes to choosing whether cloud IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS is right for your business, there are different advantages and disadvantages to each service model. PaaS. Before delving into the differences between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS,. IaaS vs PaaS vs serverless; Microservices deployment and scaling strategy; Feel free to comment on ways in which this may have helped you. IaaS vs. IaaS: infrastructure as a service. Option #1 — Solution using IaaS The first alternative is to use the foundational parts that a Cloud provider like AWS offers, similar to a traditional on-premise datacenter. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are not mutually exclusive. Many CSPs offer a spectrum of cloud computing “as a Service” choices, from mere access to server hardware up to and including full-scale, comprehensive options like FaaS. log access, backup and recovery, replication, and serverless architecture offerings. Along with SaaS and PaaS solutions, IaaS is one of the three primary categories of cloud computing services. The main types of cloud computing services are: Software as a service (SaaS) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Platform as a service (PaaS) IaaS PaaS SaaS in cloud computing provides flawless connectivity between devices connected using middleware software. IaaS is exceptional for applications with “spiky” workloads. Finally, let’s specify the disadvantages of IaaS cloud solutions: IaaS is more expensive than SaaS or PaaS, as you in fact lease hardware infrastructure. How is FaaS( Function as a Service) related to serverless. Containerization. IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS are the main models of providing cloud services. Other providers can manage all the hardware, such as. 6. When it comes to choosing whether cloud IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS is right for your business, there are different advantages and disadvantages to each service model. However, PaaS customers still get to manage data and applications—in contrast to the SaaS model, where customers don’t have to manage. SaaS vs. After that, they should determine which apps can be refactored and moved to containers or serverless models. However, this on-request execution of code is profoundly adaptable, making it a. Rather than buying, installing, and managing physical servers and IT infrastructure, IaaS solutions allow businesses to access computing resources offered by a third-party. PaaS vs. FaaS, a type of serverless computing, and PaaS solutions both abstract away the backend infrastructure management for developers and allow developers to focus on the application code, but there are a few key differences between the two. The most significant impact is at management and operation, where it is a big difference between managing an IaaS vs PaaS or SaaS. NET, PHP, Node. This cost-effective cloud computing model enables businesses to utilize a development, testing, and deployment environment all through the internet. Like PaaS and SaaS, IaaS offers access to its services. PaaS vs FaaS Serverless computing is like tap water. The servers reside on completely virtual machines. Most companies use Cloud Functions as a serverless backend, but it can also support real-time data processing and intelligent applications. IaaS vs. A company that gets backend services from a serverless vendor is charged based on their computation and do not have to reserve. Once a problem is defined that an organization can address with a cloud computing solution, businesses can move towards crafting the right kind of cloud offering. IaaS, or infrastructure as a service, is on-demand access to cloud-hosted physical and virtual servers, storage and networking - the backend IT infrastructure for running. com. IaaS takes away the physical computing, storage, and the tech to virtualize that. Aug 2, 2021, 7:49 PM. Used as a proxy and there are no built-in integration; App-to-app or container-to. The serverless computing approach is a stark departure from the traditional model. With FaaS, it may not be running at all until the function. 4 ·. SaaS. Cloud providers like AWS and Azure typically include many different types of PaaS ready for lease and already geared for specific projects. Serverless architecture = $13. Often you'll find one API is called more than others, so the entire system is scaled based on supporting the popular endpoints. Serverless: Resolving the Dilemma. As a Service: The basics. 5 IaaS Characteristics. SaaS; Introduction to Cloud Service Models. containers vs. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized physical computing resources over the Internet. SaaS vs. Why not rent your servers and operational services individually, for a monthly fee? This approach made it way easier to scale up or down, and let teams move faster. Software as a service. IaaS can be referred to as the build-it-yourself approach. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS) are the three main categories of cloud computing models. Let’s review the differences between containers as a service and other popular cloud computing models. What is PaaS? PaaS, or Platform-as-a-Service, is a cloud computing model that provides customers a complete cloud platform—hardware, software, and infrastructure—for developing, running, and managing applications without the cost, complexity, and inflexibility that often comes with building and maintaining that platform on-premises. PaaS has a more focused user base than IaaS or SaaS in that it’s primarily used by ecommerce businesses building software or applications. g. From IaaS to PaaS to FaaS to SaaS, the control of service implementation is reduced, and the . IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Jika kamu ingin mulai mengadopsi teknologi cloud, Setidaknya kamu harus memahami tentang model layangan cloud. IaaS. BaaS and PaaS are two of the most widely-used cloud computing and storage models for software development. AWS provides not only the underlying infrastructure (as with IaaS), but also a platform for customers to build, run, and manage applications. The IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS acronyms stand for infrastructure, platform, or software as a service and systems. IaaS — a client gets only infrastructure, PaaS — a client gets infrastructure and software for application development, в SaaS — a client gets a ready-to-use application in the cloud. With so many emerging innovations, and new. Unlike the IaaS model, PaaS providers manage runtime, middleware, and operating systems. Serverless platforms enable developers to develop and deploy faster, allowing an easy way to move to cloud native services without having to manage infrastructure - including container clusters or. However, PaaS does not include pre-built server-side application logic, such as push notifications and user authentication. Some IaaS providers also offer serverless solutions but as distinctly different products. 업체에 상관없이 거의 동일한 개념으로 사용되고 있죠. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and software-as-a-service (SaaS) are the three main categories of cloud computing models. PAAS gives access to run time environment to deployment and development tools for application. Meanwhile, infrastructure as a service, also known as IaaS, is defined as a cloud-based solution that is leveraged by enterprises to access computing. 開發工程師負責實現商業邏輯,也就是撰寫程式碼,維運. They are also in charge of managing the. PaaS, or platform as a gift, is on-demand access to a complete, ready-to-use, cloud-hosted platform for developing, ongoing, get and administrators applications. Serverless 與 FaaS. A serverless provider allows users to write and deploy code without the hassle of worrying about the underlying infrastructure. The term serverless computing is a bit of a misnomer, and it leads some people to believe that there are no servers involved in the process at all. IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS Three categories of cloud computing ; 📝 IaaS, PaaS, SaaS. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a type of cloud computing that uses the Internet to deliver processing, storage, and networking resources on a pay-as-you-go basis. IaaS. Google Cloud SQL is a cloud-based implementation of MySQL designed for small-to-midsize applications. Provisioning time: Measured in milliseconds for serverless, vs. IaaS offers virtualized computer resources in the cloud to deliver the core infrastructure: networking, storage, servers and virtualization. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) delivers the hardware for cloud services, including servers, networking, and storage. It is one of the Cloud Computing Service Models (IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS vs FaaS). ; Allows using a combination of these types of infrastructure. Below are five such similarities between the two cloud-based business solutions. There are many Platform as a Service vendors that companies can use to create customized apps. Simply put, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS each bring a layer of abstraction. g. If the workload is always on and requires minimal tuning of the infrastructure, then the architecture should prioritize application PaaS over IaaS. This is basically known as an app development platform that assists developers in creating, deploying and. The public cloud provider then allocates resources specific for that operation to take place. SaaS. 3 · Provides flexibility which you need. In the early 2010s, IaaS became a popular computing model, and it has since. For the purposes of this guide, any reference to “virtualization” will be related to VMs. The “as-a-service” models are typical of the second wave of the Web 2. Among 3 Amazon service solutions that apply cloud computing technology namely Iaas Paas Saas AWS, PaaS plays an important role in simplifying the application development process on the web. The latter option gives programmers more. Cloud Computing Models Accepted answer. Serverless platforms and PaaS fundamentally exist to enable developers to spend time writing code, rather than focusing on the platform on which that code is run. Virto Commerce version 3. IaaS in Azure vs. One of the disadvantages of serverless architecture is that it is not. SAAS is used by the end user. Unlike PaaS, you will pay for what you. Of course, with the associated costs. So how does serverless architecture compare to other types of hosting? Each has its specific advantages and disadvantages. In IaaS, users can have any number of servers, storage and network infrastructure. IaaS. For some organizations, serverless has become the preferred way to deal with IaaS complexities. PaaS helps developers build custom apps via. Here is a more detailed explanation of the three cloud database solutions: The Cloud Models: IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS. SaaS so you can make an informed choice. Agencies can then use the PaaS model to start pilot projects for modernizing those apps, Carvalho says. SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS are three common terms that describe different kinds of service-based computing. Application. The same is for IaaS, a cloud computing service where a user is billed on a “pay per use” scheme for using services such as storage, networking, etc. PaaS vs. Rather than buying, installing, and managing physical servers and IT infrastructure, IaaS solutions allow businesses to access computing resources offered by a third-party. This will account for about 42% of total IaaS-PaaS revenue. Indeed, these models' basic premise is to offer a solution to the final customer without having to host it on-premise, with complex implementations and large overhead. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and FaaS are all cloud computing offerings. IaaS vs. 1. Serverless development systems, such as AWS Lambda, provide many of the same benefits as PaaS tools, such as developer freedom from instance deployment. A container is essentially a fully packaged and portable computing environment. For instance, if an organization is accustomed to development and deployment on AWS EC2 and other IaaS offerings, it should consider PaaS instead of the serverless route. IaaS. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The framework covers building, testing, deployment, management and updating of different software products, including OS, development tools. The leading service in the cloud computing industry is SaaS with a 39. VM technology is used today across to. Developers use all three approaches in mobile app and web development. If you want the benefits of the cloud, such as scalability, cost model, and disaster recovery, while maintaining a large degree of control, you should opt for the IaaS model. Both FaaS and Serverless have helped organizations in saving money, refocusing developers’ time, relegating infrastructure management, and harnessing cloud technology. At first sight it looks brilliant — but if you look in depth, it falls apart. Start planning your hybrid cloud strategy. Desktop as a Service (DaaS). IaaS vs. 一般而言,工程師可以簡單分成開發(Development)跟維運(Operation)兩類。. The type of cloud service largely depends on the levels of responsibility and control that you want to have over your IT infrastructure. IaaS, as explained above, have differences depending on the application. The difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) Foto: twenty20. PaaS is built on top of core infrastructure services. This post will explore three of the most common and popular cloud computing technologies: PaaS, IaaS, and serverless computing. However, which one you choose depends on your business’s requirements. Serverless computing and containers are both architectures that reduce overhead for cloud-hosted web applications, but they differ in several important ways. PaaS in Azure. SaaS: Software as a Service. SaaS provides software. See moreFrom the developer's point of view, there are no servers in PaaS. Comparing FaaS vs PaaS. There are three common types of cloud computing services: IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service), PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service), and SaaS (Software-as-a-Service). It works similarly to a standard cloud computing service with the additional benefit of Amazon’s security and data storage space. Serverless can replace VMs and containers for some application workloads, but the comparison of Lambda vs. These models take the IaaS concept of renting out servers and virtual machines and build upon it. So what’s the difference between Infrastructure-as-a-Service, Platform-as-a-Service, and Software-as-a-Service? IaaS gives users chosen levels of control over the infrastructure. "X" can be changed: IaaS refers to infrastructure as a service, PaaS — a platform for development, SaaS — a software as a service. Set up network and storage. It enables developers to save the time and money required to write extensive code and skip right to creating their own unique, customizable product. 5 billion from its value of $31 billion back in 2018. What each organization stands to gain from moving to a microservices architecture depends on their cloud infrastructure choice, said Sergey Sverchkov, a project manager and development lead at Altoros, a Silicon Valley system integrator focused on the cloud. a. That’s where edge computing comes into play. This solution involved creating a virtual server in Azure, running SQL Server. Containers are applications that lead to more. Serverless computing is an event-driven application design and deployment paradigm in which computing resources are provided as scalable cloud services . A PaaS can eliminate the expenses of purchasing, maintaining, and configuring infrastructure. At the highest level, the choice between PaaS and FaaS is a choice of control versus ease of use, and a choice between architectures (monolith versus microservices). Of course, the servers. IAAS is used by network architects. Serverless is typically used as a synonym for Function as a Service, and while you don’t run servers when dealing with a PaaS or a SaaS, there are subtle differences between them. By Nicola Wright LinkedIn It’s 2019, so we’ll assume you’ve heard of cloud computing by now. IaaS is the traditional representation of cloud computing services. Serverless or FaaS means that you don’t have any servers. PaaS vendors will either leverage another vendor's IaaS (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) offering or will have their own physical data centers. PaaS vs. Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides both software and infrastructure that require for the application. A PaaS solution will eliminate maintenance effort, and provide embedded scalability and reliability options. Serverless is the evolution of cloud platforms in the direction of pure cloud native code. IaaS. ; E. Elastic Beanstalk isn't so simple. A serverless provider allows users to write and deploy code without the hassle of worrying about the underlying infrastructure. IaaS, ou infraestrutura como serviço, é o acesso sob demanda a servidores virtuais e físicos, armazenamento e rede hospedados na cloud, e. focus on business l ogic is increased. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides virtualized computing resources. A serverless architecture is the point at which those two streams converge. Like IaaS, Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (SaaS) are cloud computing models. Infrastructure-as-a-Service/ IaaS ( 2nd column) IaaS is the next stage and we already use a virtual machine, a server located in the data center. Its integration with Google App Engine makes it a good option for developers already using that PaaS. Kleiner. It provides cloud space and computing software to the vendors for AWS application development. Pertama, menurut Sam Solutions, IaaS adalah sistem cloud dengan model layanan yang paling fleksibel dan dinamis. In addition to SaaS, other major as-a-Service options can include Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). This model is usually called XaaS or Anything-as-a-service. PaaS: Platform as a Service. Disaster recovery as a service (DRaaS), monitoring as a service (MaaS), database as a service (DBaaS), communications as a service (CaaS), desktop as a service (DaaS), network as a. Software as a Service (SaaS). Hardware infrastructure is usually kept in specially designed data centers, and a cloud provider guarantees security of your data. Cloud Computing ModelsAccepted answer. Azure has 34% of the market share of running applications on Cloud, while AWS and Google have 57% and 15% respectively. Oracle's services provide an easy migration path to the cloud for companies with a larger Oracle. This overview explores the key differences in SaaS vs. Comparing iPaaS to PaaS/IaaS . PaaS: The differences. Picking between them requires a. Serverless vs. Cloud computing services make all of us access various apps and data accessible and quick around the world, and Serverless & PaaS are two prevalent models. In this article, you will learn the differences between Azure IaaS vs. Every one of the cloud models has its very own arrangement of advantages that could serve the requirements of different organizations. PaaS is a superset of IaaS and also includes middleware, such as database management tools. PaaS is the best choice if you don’t want to deal with the complexity and nuance. IaaS services are offered on a pay-as-you-go basis, allowing organizations to scale their infrastructure up and down as needed. Serverless APIs are the same as traditional APIs, except they utilize a. However, PaaS is still different from serverless computing in terms of where the code is hosted. PaaS vastly simplifies web application development; from the developer's. PaaS vs. Understanding each type of service and how they are different can help you successfully. Infraestructura como servicio (IaaS) Se encarga solo de la parte virtual de esa infraestructura. Caas vs. Here are some additional details about the differences between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS: Level of control: IaaS provides users with complete control over the infrastructure layer, including virtual. With compiled container images support, almost any application that can be deployed on IaaS can run in a serverless PaaS framework. IaaS takes away the physical computing, storage, and the tech to virtualize that. Before deciding between SaaS vs PaaS vs IaaS which one benefits you and your business the most,. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three main types of cloud computing available today. Local (On-premise) Somos responsables de todas las aplicaciones, almacenamiento de datos, entorno de ejecución, etc. The following terms must be understood for organizations wishing to move their e-commerce businesses to the cloud. PaaS aims to provide an environment capable of fostering application development. It's a pattern that doesn't imply "no server" but rather, "less server. Cloud solutions for data storage have been around since the 2000s. Once there is no water in the bucket, you need to purchase a bucket delivery service from the provider. The software’s licensing models allow you to choose the most cost-effective solution for any organization. 4. Pricing is available in either a package plan or a per-use plan. IaaS vs PaaS vs SaaS Three categories of cloud computing ; 📝 IaaS, PaaS, SaaS. 3. Cloud computing exists in three primary forms today. Within the world of cloud computing, IaaS, PaaS and SaaS each achieve different goals for their users. Serverless abstracts. This cost-effective cloud computing model enables businesses to utilize a development, testing, and deployment environment all through the internet. The three most common types of cloud services are Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three main types of cloud computing available today. Cloud computing is divided into three categories namel y SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. AKS is a managed service more of a PaaS. In effect, each of these models offers a progressive level of abstraction – or management – by the cloud provider. These three groups comprise the proverbial cloud computing stack. scalability, cost model, disaster recovery) while maintaining a large degree of control. They are sometimes referred to as cloud service models or cloud computing service models. We've said so much about SaaS, PaaS, or IaaS as a good choice for moving from on-premises systems to the cloud, so it's time to talk about what Virto Commerce offers. In the past, if you wanted the full functionality of a MI, an IaaS solution would be your only option. In addition, it’s important to. IaaS vs. From the examples mentioned above, we can conclude that the growing popularity of the cloud is minimizing the need for on-premise hosting. Native & Hybrid Development Strategy: PaaS solutions enable cloud native development technologies, like Kubernetes, serverless computing, microservices, and containers. Data. Serverless vs. CaaS is generally termed as a container platform, while PaaS is more commonly termed as application platforms. scalability, cost model, disaster recovery) while maintaining a large degree of control. So how does serverless architecture compare to other types of hosting? Each has its specific advantages and disadvantages. The key difference between IaaS and PaaS is that IaaS apps are cloud-native, whereas PaaS solutions are cloud-ready. PaaS can be used for serverless computing and provide support for serverless architectures, such as Function as a Service (FaaS). You create an instance of the service, and you add your code; no infrastructure configuration or maintenance is required, or even allowed. Platform as a Service (PaaS). Here are three crucial differences to know about: Pricing: Heroku's "production" tier costs roughly $25 to $50 per dyno per month. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recognizes three standard cloud computing models of as-a-service: Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Platform as a service (PaaS) is a complete development and deployment environment in the cloud, with resources that enable you to deliver everything from simple cloud-based apps to sophisticated, cloud-enabled enterprise applications. To help, here's a breakdown of the top PaaS providers of 2023: 1. Infrastructure as a service, or IaaS, was first introduced in 2008. However, before we can deploy the application, we need to first: 1. Short comparison: On premise vs. IaaS, PaaS and SaaS are the three most popular types of cloud service offerings. Overview. In contrast, PaaS is a platform that allows developers to. Next Steps. They make it easier for teams to manage their databases through cluster automation tools. In traditional application deployments, the server’s computing resources represent fixed and recurring costs, regardless of the amount of computing work that is actually being performed by.